pantomogram

A pantomogram, also called an orthopantomogram, is a panoramic radiograph that provides a single two-dimensional image of the maxillofacial region. It typically displays the teeth from the left to the right side, the mandible and maxilla, the temporomandibular joints, and surrounding structures such as the maxillary sinuses.

Technique and image characteristics: In a pantomographic examination, the patient stands or sits with the head stabilized. An X-ray source and detector rotate around the head to capture a broad arc, producing a wide view of the dental arches and supporting bone. Exposures are brief, and images may be obtained digitally or on film. The resulting image shows the dentition, alveolar bone, and adjacent anatomic structures in a single cast-like view, with inherent magnification and distortion factors.

Advantages and uses: The pantomogram offers a rapid, relatively low-dose overview that is useful for initial assessment, treatment planning, and screening. It aids in identifying impacted teeth, jaw fractures, developmental anomalies, sinus relationships, and large lesions, and it supports orthodontic planning and implant planning as a complement to other imaging studies.

Limitations: It is a two-dimensional representation and is subject to magnification, distortion, and superimposition of structures. Fine details such as root morphology, small caries, or subtle periodontal bone changes may not be well visualized. For detailed assessment or precise implant planning, additional imaging modalities such as periapical radiographs or cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) are often required.

Safety and context: Panoramic radiography is a routine dental imaging technique with low radiation exposure compared with some other studies, though radiation dose remains a consideration. Digital panoramic radiography is common in modern practice.