overvolt

Overvolt is a term most often encountered as shorthand for overvoltage, the condition in which electrical voltage exceeds the rated or expected level in a system. In some contexts, “Overvolt” may also appear as a brand name or product title, but this article focuses on the electrical engineering sense.

Overvoltage can be temporary or sustained. Transient overvoltages are brief spikes caused by events such as lightning, switching operations, or grid faults, typically lasting from nanoseconds to milliseconds. Sustained overvoltages occur when the supply voltage remains above the equipment’s maximum operating voltage due to a fault, abnormal supply, or insulation breakdown. The exact thresholds and durations are defined by standards and device specifications.

The effects of overvoltage range from harmless to catastrophic, depending on magnitude and duration. Potential consequences include insulation stress and breakdown, overheating of components, arcing, damage to semiconductors and integrated circuits, accelerated aging, data corruption, and safety hazards to personnel.

Protection and mitigation are central to handling overvoltages. Design practices include adequate voltage margins, appropriate insulation ratings, and maintaining safe creepage and clearance distances. Protective devices such as fuses and circuit breakers interrupt excessive current, while surge protection devices (SPD) clamp or divert excess voltage. Specific clamping solutions include metal-oxide varistors (MOVs), transient voltage suppression diodes (TVS), gas discharge tubes, and polymer resettable fuses. Power supplies and voltage regulators may also limit or isolate output under fault conditions.

Measurement and standards provide guidance for acceptable levels of overvoltage. Engineers reference maximum operating voltage (Vmax), insulation strength, and transient surge requirements, following international standards from IEC, IEEE, and UL to ensure safety and reliability.