overdistension

Overdistension is a medical term referring to the abnormal enlargement or stretching of an organ or tissue beyond its normal capacity. It can occur in different body systems, most commonly in the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, and the urinary bladder, and it may lead to tissue injury or impaired function if not addressed.

In the respiratory system, overdistension describes alveolar overinflation during positive-pressure ventilation or severe airflow obstruction. This can cause volutrauma or barotrauma, worsen gas exchange, and contribute to lung injury. Overdistension is often linked to high airway pressures or excessive tidal volumes and is assessed by imaging, physiological measurements, and clinical status.

In the gastrointestinal tract, overdistension occurs when gas, fluid, or fecal matter causes the stomach or intestines to expand beyond normal size. This may produce abdominal pain, distension, and compromised perfusion, and can progress to ischemia or perforation in severe cases, particularly with obstruction, ileus, or delayed treatment.

In the urinary system, bladder overdistension arises when the detrusor muscle cannot effectively contract to empty the bladder, leading to urinary retention and a visibly distended bladder. Prolonged overdistension risks detrusor damage, overflow incontinence, and potential renal impairment.

Causes of overdistension include obstruction, impaired organ contractility, external compression, or iatrogenic factors such as aggressive ventilation strategies. Diagnosis relies on imaging (such as X-ray, ultrasound, or CT) together with clinical signs. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, which may involve ventilatory adjustments, decompression or drainage, or surgical intervention, depending on the affected system. Early recognition and treatment reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes.