ortopedi

Ortopedi is a medical specialty focused on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. In English contexts, the field is called orthopedics (or orthopaedics) and covers traumatic injuries, congenital deformities, degenerative conditions, and sports-related injuries. Orthopedic surgeons may use non-surgical and surgical methods to restore function, relieve pain, and improve mobility. The field relies on imaging, physical examination, and rehabilitation to tailor treatment to each patient.

Common conditions include fractures and dislocations, osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint diseases, spine disorders such as scoliosis and herniated discs, pediatric conditions like clubfoot and developmental hip dysplasia, bone tumors, and sports injuries. Procedures may include reduction and immobilization of fractures, arthroplasty (joint replacement), arthroscopy (minimally invasive joint surgery), spine fusion and stabilization, fracture fixation with plates and screws, limb lengthening, and reconstructive surgery of the hand, foot and ankle. Non-surgical approaches include physical therapy, bracing, casting, medication, and injections.

Subspecialties within orthopedics include pediatric orthopedics, spine surgery, trauma, sports medicine, hand and upper extremity, foot and ankle, joint replacement, orthopedic oncology, and pediatric trauma. Training typically involves a medical degree followed by a residency in orthopedic surgery, with optional fellowship training in a subspecialty. The field has evolved with advances in imaging, such as X-ray, CT, MRI; surgical techniques such as minimally invasive surgery, arthroscopy, and robotic-assisted procedures; and improvements in implants and prostheses. Orthopedic care is provided in hospitals, clinics, and specialty centers, often in collaboration with physical therapists, physiatrists, and rehabilitation specialists.