operationssystem

An operationssystem is a system software layer that manages computer hardware resources and provides services to application programs. It sits between users, software, and hardware, coordinating tasks such as executing programs, allocating memory, and handling input and output. The term covers desktop, server, mobile, and embedded systems, and varies in complexity from small embedded stacks to large, feature-rich platforms.

Core functions include process management, memory management, device drivers and input/output systems, file systems, networking, and security. It offers a set of abstractions and interfaces, such as system calls and APIs, that simplify programming and enable portability. It also enforces protection and isolation between processes, coordinates scheduling, and mediates access to hardware resources.

Kernel architecture varies across systems. Monolithic kernels house most services in a single address space, microkernels aim to keep most services in user space, and hybrid designs mix approaches. Real-time operating systems prioritize deterministic timing for critical tasks, while general-purpose systems emphasize throughput and user experience. Popular examples include Linux, Windows, macOS, Android, and a variety of embedded and real-time OSes, each with distinct interfaces and tooling.

History traces from early batch and timesharing systems toward graphical desktops, scalable servers, and mobile devices. Modern operating systems support virtualization, multitasking on multi-core processors, and advanced security features such as sandboxing, access control, and secure boot. They continually evolve to accommodate new hardware, standards, and user needs.

Standardization efforts such as POSIX define portable interfaces for software compatibility and interoperability. OS development is maintained by vendors, community projects, and consortia, with frequent updates that address performance, security, and compatibility.