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Edema, also known as oedema, is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues. It is not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition. Edema can affect various parts of the body, including the legs, ankles, feet, hands, face, and abdomen. The severity can range from mild to severe and may be temporary or chronic.

The accumulation of fluid is typically due to disruptions in the normal fluid balance mechanisms of the body. These mechanisms involve the movement of fluid between blood vessels and surrounding tissues, regulated by factors like blood pressure, the concentration of proteins in the blood, and the integrity of blood vessel walls. When these mechanisms are compromised, fluid can leak out of the capillaries and accumulate in the interstitial space, leading to visible swelling.

Common causes of edema include prolonged standing or sitting, high salt intake, pregnancy, certain medications (such as calcium channel blockers or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and hormonal changes. More serious underlying conditions that can lead to edema include heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease (cirrhosis), and deep vein thrombosis. Allergic reactions or inflammation can also cause localized swelling.

Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause. Mild edema due to lifestyle factors may resolve with simple measures like elevating the affected limb, reducing salt intake, and regular movement. For edema caused by medical conditions, treating the primary disease is crucial. This may involve medications to improve heart function, kidney function, or diuretics to help the body eliminate excess fluid. Medical evaluation is important to determine the cause of persistent or severe edema.