nënrendës

A *nënrendës* (Albanian: [nɛnˈrɛndɛs]) is a traditional Albanian musical instrument, primarily used in the southern regions of Albania, particularly in the areas around Berat, Gjirokastër, and Vlorë. The term *nënrendës* translates roughly to "under-player" or "subordinate player," reflecting its role in ensemble music, where it often accompanies the *çifteli* (a two-stringed lute) or *lautë* (a long-necked lute).

The *nënrendës* is a bowed string instrument similar in appearance to a small violin but with distinct acoustic and structural differences. It typically features a pear-shaped body, a short neck, and three strings (though some variations may have two or four). The instrument is played with a horsehair bow, producing a warm, resonant tone that blends well with other traditional Albanian instruments. Its sound is often described as deeper and more mellow than that of the *çifteli*, making it ideal for providing harmonic support in folk music.

Historically, the *nënrendës* was an essential part of Albanian *kombëtarë* (national) music, particularly in the *gusle* (epic ballad) and *të vërtetë* (authentic folk) traditions. It was commonly used alongside the *çifteli* and *trompetë* (trumpet) in festive and ceremonial performances, including weddings, funerals, and communal gatherings. The instrument’s role was to enrich the musical texture, adding depth and complexity to the melodies played by the lead instruments.

Today, the *nënrendës* remains a lesser-known instrument outside its native regions, though efforts by musicians and cultural organizations have helped preserve its place in Albanian folk music. Its construction and playing techniques vary slightly between artisans, contributing to regional variations in sound and style. While not as widely recognized as the *çifteli* or *lautë*, the *nënrendës* continues to be valued for its unique contribution to the rich tapestry of Albanian musical heritage.