nityadharma

Nityadharma, from Sanskrit nitya meaning eternal and dharma meaning duty or virtue, refers to the universal, timeless duties that are considered binding on all beings regardless of social status, class, gender, or specific life circumstances. The concept emphasizes duties deemed inherent to human conduct rather than contingent roles.

In Hindu ethical discourse, nityadharma is often presented in contrast to svadharma, which denotes one’s personal or social duties determined by caste, stage of life, or individual circumstances. Nityadharma is viewed as the foundational layer of moral law that underpins various, more particular duties. It functions as a baseline of conduct expected across communities and traditions.

Commonly cited elements of nityadharma include truthfulness, non-violence, non-stealing, cleanliness, self-control, compassion, generosity, and a general regard for the welfare of others. Some lists also emphasize humility, gratitude, and respect for life. In many yoga and ethical traditions, universal duties align with the yamas and niyamas, the ethical precepts that transcend specific social roles.

Scholars differ on the exact scope and formulation of nityadharma. Some view it as a core, universally applicable ethical ideal rooted in universal human concern, while others note that what counts as an eternal duty can vary by tradition and historical context. The term is widely used in discussions of moral philosophy within Hinduism, as well as in comparative ethic discourse addressing how universal duties relate to culturally conditioned norms.

See also: dharma, svadharma, varnashrama-dharma, yama, niyama.