nephrolithiasis
Nephrolithiasis, commonly referred to as kidney stones, is the formation of solid concretions in the kidneys from crystallized minerals and organic material. Stones may remain in the kidney, move into the ureter, or pass through the urinary tract. The condition is common worldwide and recurrence is relatively frequent.
Most stones are calcium-based, with calcium oxalate stones comprising the majority. Other common types include calcium
Symptoms often result from urinary obstruction and may include sudden, severe flank or groin pain, hematuria,
Treatment depends on stone size, location, and symptoms. Small stones often pass spontaneously with analgesia and
Prevention focuses on reducing recurrence through hydration and lifestyle modifications. Recommendations include maintaining a high urine