neovascularisation

Neovascularisation, also known as angiogenesis, is the process by which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vasculature. This physiological phenomenon is essential for tissue growth, development, and repair, playing a critical role in embryonic development, wound healing, and the response to ischemic conditions. Under normal circumstances, angiogenesis is tightly regulated to prevent excessive vessel formation, which could lead to complications such as hemorrhage or tumor growth.

In pathological settings, neovascularisation often becomes dysregulated, contributing to various diseases. For example, in cancer, abnormal angiogenesis supports tumor growth by supplying nutrients and oxygen, facilitating metastasis, and creating a supportive microenvironment. Similarly, in chronic diseases like diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration, excessive blood vessel formation can lead to tissue damage and vision loss. Anti-angiogenic therapies, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, are commonly used to target and mitigate these conditions by disrupting the formation of new, often dysfunctional blood vessels.

The process of neovascularisation involves several key molecular signals, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). These factors stimulate endothelial cells to migrate, proliferate, and form tubular structures that eventually connect to form new capillaries. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) also play a role by degrading the extracellular matrix, allowing endothelial cells to invade surrounding tissues.

Research in neovascularisation continues to advance, with ongoing studies exploring its role in both beneficial and harmful contexts. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process may lead to improved treatments for diseases characterized by abnormal blood vessel formation, as well as novel strategies for enhancing tissue regeneration in regenerative medicine.