dysfunctional

Dysfunctional is an adjective used to describe something that does not function normally or properly. The term derives from dys- meaning bad or difficult and functional, and it has roots in medical usage before becoming common in everyday language to describe systems, processes, or relationships that operate in suboptimal or impaired ways.

In medical or biological contexts, dysfunction refers to impaired function of a body part or organ, without necessarily complete failure. Examples include erectile dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction, or renal dysfunction. In a broader sense, dysfunction can describe any mechanism that cannot carry out its intended role.

In psychology and sociology, dysfunctional is often used to describe patterns of interaction within families, couples, or organizations that hinder healthy functioning. A dysfunctional family might exhibit poor communication, boundary issues, or role confusion.

The label is descriptive rather than prescriptive and may be stigmatizing; contexts vary, and some scholars prefer more specific terms. Distinguishing between dysfunction that is isolated versus systemic is important for understanding prognosis and potential remedies.

In everyday usage, dysfunctional is commonly applied to criticize systems, processes, or equipment that operate poorly. While the term conveys dysfunction, it can overstate issues when components are fixable or subject to temporary interruptions.