neoplazm

A neoplazm, commonly referred to in English as a neoplasm, is a new, abnormal growth of tissue that forms a mass. It results from uncontrolled cell proliferation that continues in the absence of normal growth controls. Neoplasms arise in many tissues and can be benign or malignant. The term encompasses both solid tumors and certain hematologic proliferations.

Benign neoplasms are typically well circumscribed and localized; they grow slowly and do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant sites. Malignant neoplasms, or cancers, invade adjacent structures and can metastasize via lymphatic or vascular routes, spreading to distant organs. Malignant neoplasms often exhibit genetic instability and may recur after treatment.

Most neoplasms arise from genetic alterations in somatic cells. Changes may activate oncogenes, inactivate tumor suppressor genes, or disrupt DNA repair, leading to clonal expansion. Additional mutations can drive progression from an early lesion to more aggressive forms. External factors such as tobacco, ultraviolet radiation, certain chemicals, infections, and age contribute to risk in many cancers.

Diagnosis combines clinical examination with imaging and tissue sampling. Histopathological evaluation confirms tissue type and malignancy. Staging and grading assess extent and aggressiveness, guiding treatment. Molecular and genetic profiling increasingly informs targeted and personalized therapies.

Treatment depends on the type, location, and stage of the neoplasm. Options include surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted agents. Benign neoplasms may be treated with observation or excision when symptomatic. Prognosis varies widely by tumor type and stage, with malignant neoplasms presenting a range from curable to incurable.