neonics

Neonics, short for neonicotinoids, are a class of systemic insecticides used to protect crops from a range of pests. They act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Because they are systemic, plants absorb and transport them to stems, leaves, roots, and even pollen and nectar. Common members include imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, dinotefuran and thiacloprid.

Used across many agricultural sectors, neonics are applied as seed coatings, soil drenches, root dips, or foliar sprays. They target pests such as aphids, beetles, thrips, and whiteflies and are valued for broad-spectrum activity and ease of use. However, concerns have grown about non-target effects, especially on pollinators, aquatic invertebrates, and other wildlife, prompting extensive study and regulatory scrutiny.

Environmental and ecological effects are a central focus of discussion. Bees and other pollinators can be exposed to neonics through contaminated pollen and nectar, and some studies report sublethal effects on foraging behavior, navigation, and colony health. Neonics can persist in soils and contaminate water bodies, with varying persistence among compounds. The complexity of ecological interactions means that multiple stressors—including parasites, diseases, habitat loss, and fungicide co-exposures—complicate assessments of causation.

Regulation and policy responses reflect pollinator concerns. Several jurisdictions have restricted or halted outdoor uses, seed coatings, or specific formulations of neonics. In practice, policymakers often encourage integrated pest management strategies that reduce reliance on neonics and promote targeted, lower-risk control methods. See also: Pesticides, pollinators, integrated pest management.