nedbromsning

Nedbromsning refers to the process of reducing the speed of a moving object, most commonly a vehicle, by applying braking forces. It covers both driver-initiated braking and automatic systems that slow a vehicle or machine. The primary mechanism is the conversion of kinetic energy into heat through friction in components such as brake pads, discs, or shoes. In electric and hybrid vehicles, regenerative braking can recover part of the energy by converting kinetic energy back into stored electrical energy. Engine braking, achieved by downshifting or using engine torque to slow the motion, also contributes to deceleration.

Deceleration is described as negative acceleration and is expressed in meters per second squared (m/s^2). Braking distance depends on initial speed, deceleration rate, driver reaction time, and road conditions. On dry, high-friction surfaces, typical passenger cars can achieve higher deceleration than on wet or icy surfaces. Normal driving braking often results in moderate deceleration, while emergency braking aims for substantially higher rates, limited by tires, brakes, and surface grip.

Safety and design considerations include anti-lock braking systems (ABS), which prevent wheel lock during heavy braking, and electronic stability control (ESC), which helps maintain directional control. Tire condition, brake wear, and road friction have a major impact on the effectiveness of nedbromsning.

Applications extend beyond road vehicles to rail systems, where dynamic and regenerative braking are used, and to aircraft, where deceleration is achieved through aerodynamic drag, spoilers, and braking systems.