microirrigation

Microirrigation is a family of irrigation methods that apply water at low volume under pressure directly to the plant root zone. It includes drip irrigation, micro-sprinklers, and subsurface drip irrigation, as well as micro-emitters used in various configurations. It aims to reduce evaporation and runoff while targeting moisture where plants need it.

A typical system includes a water source, filtration, pumps or regulators, mainlines and laterals, drip lines or emitters, and often fertigation and control equipment. Emitters may be point sources or inline devices. Filtration is important to prevent clogging, especially with dirty or mineral-rich water.

Types range from drip systems that place emitters along tubing to subsurface drip that lies below the soil, and from micro-sprinklers that apply small sprays to low-precipitation irrigation. All aim for uniform water distribution and pressure compensation.

Uses and benefits: Microirrigation is common in row crops, orchards, vineyards, vegetables, nurseries, landscapes, and greenhouses. It increases water use efficiency, reduces weed growth, minimizes evaporation, and supports precise nutrient delivery through fertigation when designed for it.

Design considerations include water quality, soil type, crop water requirements, climate, and maintenance needs. Filtration, backflow prevention, and adequate pressure regulation are common requirements, along with regular checks for clogging and leaks.

History: The concept emerged in the mid-20th century with drip irrigation development, notably in Israel through Simcha Blass and Netafim, and later spread globally under the umbrella term microirrigation.