meniskide

Menisci (singular: meniscus) are two crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures in the knee joint that sit between the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau. The medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus differ in size, shape, and mobility. They are attached to the joint capsule and, on the outer edge, to the tibia and collateral ligaments. The outer third of the menisci has more blood supply, while the inner two-thirds are largely avascular, which affects healing potential.

Function: They distribute axial load across the knee, reduce peak contact stress, enhance joint stability, facilitate lubrication, and guide flexion-extension and rotation movements.

Common problems: Tears are the most frequent meniscal injury, resulting from twisting while weight-bearing or from degenerative changes with aging. Symptoms include knee pain along the joint line, swelling, a catching or locking sensation, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. Diagnosis typically involves physical examination and MRI.

Treatment: Initial management often includes rest, ice, compression, elevation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical therapy. Many small, peripheral tears heal or stabilize without surgery. For persistent symptoms or certain tear patterns, arthroscopic surgery is performed. Options include partial meniscectomy (removing the damaged portion) or meniscal repair (suturing the tear); repair has a longer recovery but better long-term tissue preservation. In selected young patients with irreparable damage, meniscal transplantation may be considered.

Prognosis and prevention: Recovery depends on tear type, treatment, and patient factors. Meniscal injuries may increase the risk of osteoarthritis in the knee long-term. Prevention focuses on strength training, balanced flexibility, proper technique, and gradual return to activity after knee injuries.