suturing

Suturing is a method of wound closure in which a suture material is passed through tissue with a needle to approximate edges and secure the wound during healing. The goal is to restore tissue integrity, reduce bleeding, protect underlying structures, and support proper healing while minimizing scarring. Suturing is used in surgery, acute care, dentistry, and many minor procedures.

Suture materials fall into natural versus synthetic and absorbable versus non-absorbable categories. Natural absorbables include catgut; synthetic absorbables include polyglycolic acid and polydioxanone. Non-absorbables include silk, nylon, polypropylene, and stainless steel. Sutures are paired with needles, usually curved and swaged or needle-and-thread; needle design (taper-point, cutting) is chosen for tissue type to minimize trauma.

Common closure patterns include simple interrupted sutures, which are tied individually; continuous or running sutures; and mattress variants such as horizontal or vertical mattress that distribute tension. Subcuticular or buried sutures place closure below the skin surface for cosmesis. Purse-string sutures close circular defects. Pattern choice depends on tissue type, tension, and desired cosmetic result.

During closure, sterile technique and gentle tissue handling reduce infection and tissue damage. Adequate knot security and appropriate tension are essential. Absorbable sutures are left in place until strength is achieved, while non-absorbables may be removed after several days to weeks, depending on location. Complications can include infection, dehiscence, and excessive scarring.