meditasjon

Meditasjon, commonly translated as meditation, refers to a set of mental practices aimed at training attention and awareness to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm state. It is found in many cultural and religious traditions, and in modern contexts is often practiced as a secular technique for wellbeing.

Etymology and history: The term derives from Latin meditatio through Old French and other languages. Historically, meditative practices appear in Indian, East Asian, and later other traditions, including Hindu, Buddhist, Taoist, and Christian contemplative practices. In the 20th century, mindfulness-based approaches popularized secular forms of meditasjon in Western societies, influencing education, healthcare, and workplaces.

Approaches and techniques: Meditasjon encompasses a range of methods. Common forms include focused attention on a single object such as the breath or a mantra; open monitoring of present-moment experience; loving-kindness (metta) practices; body scans; and walking meditation. Sessions typically range from a few minutes to thirty or more, and can be guided or unguided.

Effects and evidence: Systematic reviews report that regular meditasjon is associated with reductions in stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, along with improvements in attention and cognitive control. Effects are generally small to moderate and depend on practice frequency, duration, and context. Neuroimaging studies show functional and structural brain changes linked to practice, though findings vary.

Considerations: Meditasjon is generally safe for most people, but some may experience temporary discomfort, heightened awareness of emotions, or anxiety during early practice. Beginners may benefit from instruction or structured programs. Access to courses, apps, and group sessions, with guidance tailored to individual needs, can support practice.

See also mindfulness, Zen, Vipassana, and Transcendental Meditation.