marciais

Marciais, or artes marciais, refers to a broad family of combat practices developed for self-defense, sport, and cultural expression. The term is widely used in Portuguese-speaking countries as the translation of "martial arts."

Historically, many marciais originated in East Asia and the Indian subcontinent, evolving into codified systems with unique techniques, training methods, and philosophies. Over the 19th and 20th centuries, these practices spread globally through migration, military exchange, and popular culture, leading to a diverse landscape of styles and traditions.

Styles are often grouped by emphasis: striking arts such as karate, taekwondo, and kung fu; grappling and throwing arts such as judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu; wrestling styles; and weapon-based arts such as kali/escrima and kendo. Many practitioners also pursue hybrid disciplines, commonly referred to as mixed martial arts, which combine elements from several traditions.

Training typically includes physical conditioning, technique drills, forms or sparring, and safety protocols. Belt or dan ranks commonly mark progression in many traditions, and competitions are governed by international federations and national bodies. Some marciais are practiced primarily as sport, while others emphasize self-defense techniques or cultural heritage.

Today, marciais have a global presence with clubs and schools in most regions. They are studied for fitness, discipline, and self-defense, as well as for competition, performance, and cultural expression.