maksakasvaja

Maksakasvaja is the Estonian term for a tumor of the liver. It describes any new abnormal growth in the liver and can be benign or malignant. Benign liver tumors include hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenomas. Malignant primary liver cancers include hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; the liver is also a common site for metastases from cancers such as colorectal, breast, or lung cancer.

Causes and risk factors include chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis from hepatitis B or C, heavy alcohol use, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; genetic conditions like hemochromatosis; hormonal influences and exposure to aflatoxins.

Symptoms are often absent, especially for small tumors. When symptoms occur, they may include right upper abdominal pain or fullness, nausea, weight loss, or jaundice if bile ducts are affected.

Diagnosis relies on imaging—ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—to characterize a lesion and distinguish benign from malignant tumors. Blood tests such as liver function tests and, for hepatocellular carcinoma, alpha-fetoprotein may be used. Biopsy is not always required and is considered when imaging is inconclusive.

Treatment depends on tumor type and stage. Benign tumors may require monitoring or removal for symptoms or risk of rupture. Malignant tumors may be treated with surgical resection or liver transplantation when possible, ablation, arterial therapies (transarterial chemoembolization or radioembolization), and systemic therapy.

Prognosis varies. Benign tumors generally have an excellent prognosis. The outlook for malignant liver tumors depends on type, stage, liver function, and access to treatment. Regular surveillance is advised for individuals with cirrhosis or hepatitis.