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Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type. It is most commonly transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks, also known as deer ticks. In the United States, the primary species responsible is Ixodes scapularis, while in Europe, Ixodes ricinus is the main vector. Symptoms can vary widely and may develop in stages. Early localized Lyme disease, occurring days to weeks after a tick bite, often includes a characteristic expanding red rash called erythema migrans. This rash may resemble a bull's-eye. Other early symptoms can include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, and muscle and joint aches.

If left untreated, Lyme disease can progress to more severe stages. Early disseminated Lyme disease, occurring weeks to months after infection, can affect multiple organ systems. This may manifest as additional rashes, neurological problems such as facial palsy (Bell's palsy) or meningitis, heart issues like atrioventricular block, and joint inflammation. Late disseminated Lyme disease, which can occur months to years after the initial infection, may involve chronic arthritis, particularly in large joints like the knee, and persistent neurological symptoms. Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests, although early diagnosis can sometimes be challenging. Treatment involves antibiotics, with the duration and type depending on the stage of the disease. Prevention strategies focus on avoiding tick bites, such as using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and performing thorough tick checks.