liberaldemokratik

Liberaldemokratik refers to a political concept or regime type that combines liberal and democratic elements. In this sense, liberalism contributes protections for individual rights, civil liberties, private property, and the rule of law, while democracy emphasizes popular sovereignty through free and fair elections, political pluralism, and accountable government. The compound term is used in languages such as Indonesian and Malay to characterize systems that seek both liberal rights and democratic processes.

Principles include constitutionalism, separation of powers, an independent judiciary, freedom of expression and association, a free press, and competitive political parties. Economic arrangements often favor market mechanisms complemented by social protections, though the exact mix varies by country or era.

Historically, liberal-democratic ideas developed during the Enlightenment and matured in the 18th to 19th centuries, with further expansion after the 20th century, particularly following the decline of authoritarianism in many regions. The label is commonly applied to Western liberal democracies but is also used descriptively for countries adhering to liberal-democratic norms even if their institutional features differ.

Critics argue that liberal democracy can struggle with balancing majority rule and minority rights, can be prone to gridlock, or may privilege individual liberties over social equality. Proponents stress the importance of institutions, rule of law, and inclusive politics as safeguards against tyranny of the majority.

See also: liberalism, democracy, liberal democracy, constitutionalism, civil rights, political pluralism.