lhyperlipidémie

L'hyperlipidémie, or hyperlipidemia, is a broad term for disorders characterized by persistently elevated levels of lipids in the blood, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. The condition is commonly categorized as primary (genetic) forms, such as familial hypercholesterolemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia, and secondary forms related to other diseases or lifestyle factors, such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, obesity, alcohol use, and certain medications.

Clinical consequences are largely vascular: elevated LDL and triglycerides contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, while severe hypertriglyceridemia can provoke pancreatitis. Many individuals are asymptomatic until complications arise; physical findings may include xanthomas or corneal arcus in some hereditary forms.

Diagnosis relies on lipid panel measurements after fasting or nonfasting depending on guidelines, reporting total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides. Thresholds vary by risk, but higher LDL-C and triglycerides generally indicate higher risk; assessment often includes global cardiovascular risk estimation.

Management emphasizes lifestyle modification (dietary changes, weight reduction, physical activity) and pharmacotherapy when indicated. Statins are first-line for most patients, with ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, or newer agents as alternatives. Fibrate therapy and omega-3 fatty acids may be used for severe hypertriglyceridemia. Treatment also targets secondary causes and risk-factor modification, with ongoing monitoring of lipid levels and adherence.