laurisilva

Laurisilva, or laurel forest, is a type of subtropical evergreen forest characterized by a dense, multi-layered canopy dominated by laurel family trees (Lauraceae). It thrives in cool, humid climates with frequent mist and high humidity, where the evergreen canopy suppresses undergrowth and supports a rich understory of ferns, mosses, and lichens. The name combines Latin laurus (laurel) and silva (forest), reflecting its prominent laurel-like trees.

Today, laurisilva survives mainly in Macaronesia, particularly in Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Azores, where mild winters and persistent moisture sustain the ecosystem. In these insular forests, the canopy is often formed by Laurus species such as Laurus novocanariensis or Laurus azorica, with other laurel-related genera including Ocotea, Persea, Picconia, and Ilex canariensis contributing to the plant community.

Laurisilva supports a high degree of endemism and a diverse assemblage of wildlife, including specialised birds, insects, and other invertebrates. It functions as an important freshwater catchment, stabilizes soils, and contributes to regional climate regulation. The forests are highly sensitive to disturbance, with vulnerability to fire, land-use change, drought, and invasive species.

Conservation status varies by location, but several laurisilva forests are recognized for their global significance. Notably, the Laurisilva of Madeira and Garajonay National Park in the Canary Islands are designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Protection efforts focus on maintaining humidity regimes, preventing invasives, and restoring fragmented stands to preserve these relics of ancient vegetation.