Macaronesia

Macaronesia is a geographic and biogeographic region in the North Atlantic Ocean, comprising several island groups located off the coasts of Europe and Africa. The four principal archipelagoes are the Azores and Madeira (territories of Portugal), the Canary Islands (Spain), and Cape Verde. The term, used mainly in climatology and biogeography, reflects shared climatic patterns and ecological traits across these islands. Some sources also include smaller islets such as the Selvagens Islands near Madeira, while others exclude them.

Geographically, the archipelagoes span a broad latitudinal range and exhibit varied climates shaped by Atlantic trade winds. The Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands typically have temperate to subtropical climates with green, humid interiors, including laurisilva or laurel forests in suitable habitats. Cape Verde lies farther south and is generally drier and more arid. All groups are of volcanic origin and feature rugged terrain, significant marine life, and diverse coastal and upland habitats.

Biodiversity in Macaronesia is notable for endemism and a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna. The laurisilva forests historically covered several islands and persist in remaining humid regions of the archipelagos. The region hosts endemic plant species and a variety of seabirds, bats, and other fauna; notable flora includes the dragon tree (Dracaena draco) on some islands. Conservation efforts focus on protecting fragile habitats amid tourism and development pressures.

Administratively, the Azores and Madeira are autonomous regions of Portugal, the Canary Islands are an autonomous community of Spain, and Cape Verde is an independent republic since 1975. Economies in the archipelagos rely largely on tourism, complemented by fishing, agriculture, and services.