landegrenser

Landegrenser, or land borders, are political boundaries that separate the territory of one state from another on land. They define sovereignty, jurisdiction, and the application of national laws, and are typically established through treaties that may coincide with natural features or be entirely geometric lines on a map.

Delimitation is the process of agreeing on where the boundary runs; demarcation is the on-ground marking of that boundary with markers, fences, or other infrastructure. Once established, maintenance is often needed to keep markers visible and borders legible.

Border management varies; many land borders have crossings with customs and immigration controls, while others are open or partially open under regional agreements that facilitate movement for people and goods. Infrastructure commonly includes roads, rail, and various verification points.

Border areas face challenges including disputes over the line, illegal crossings, smuggling, and resource rights. Resolution typically involves negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or judicial settlement under international law.

Notable examples of land borders include the Norway–Sweden border, the Canada–United States border, and the India–Bangladesh border. Borders may follow natural features such as rivers and mountain ranges, or be artificial lines drawn on maps; international law governs their creation, modification, and the peaceful settlement of disputes.