kystoskooppia

Kystoskooppia, known in English as cystoscopy, is a medical procedure that enables direct visualization of the bladder and the urethra through the use of a cystoscope, a thin, lighted instrument that can be rigid or flexible. Modern cystoscopes often include a small camera and a video display.

There are two main types: rigid cystoscopy and flexible cystoscopy. Rigid cystoscopes are metal and inserted through the urethra; flexible ones use fiber optics or digital cameras and are generally more comfortable, especially in women and in patients requiring longer examination. A video monitor is typically used to guide the exam and to document findings.

Cystoscopy is used to evaluate hematuria, urinary frequency or pain, recurrent urinary tract infections, bladder tumors, stones, and structural abnormalities, and to guide procedures such as stone removal, stent placement, or biopsy.

The procedure is commonly performed in an outpatient setting. Local anesthesia with topical urethral anesthetic gel may be used; or regional/general anesthesia for more extensive evaluation. The patient lies on a table; the urethral opening is prepared; the cystoscope is gently inserted through the urethra into the bladder; saline is used to distend the bladder. The clinician inspects the lining and can take biopsies or remove lesions. The examination lasts about 5-30 minutes.

Possible risks include transient burning with urination, increased urinary frequency, blood in the urine, infection, urethral trauma, or, rarely, bladder injury. Most people recover quickly, with symptoms resolving within a day or two. Patients are advised to follow post-procedure instructions and to seek medical attention if fever, severe pain, or heavy bleeding occurs.