cystoscopes

A cystoscope is a medical instrument used to inspect the interior of the bladder and the urethra. It consists of a tubular shaft with an optical system at the tip, a light source, and an additional working channel that allows insertion of instruments or irrigation fluid.

Two main forms exist: rigid cystoscopes, which are straight metal or plastic tubes with a fixed shape, and flexible cystoscopes, which bend to navigate the urethra and bladder more comfortably. Rigid scopes provide excellent illumination and are commonly used for procedures such as cystoscopic biopsy and transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT). Flexible scopes are often used for diagnostic evaluation in outpatient settings.

Indications include evaluation of hematuria, lower urinary tract symptoms, suspected bladder pathology, urethral stricture, and monitoring of urinary tract infections. During a cystoscopy, the urethral opening is lubricated, the scope is passed into the bladder, and the interior is viewed under direct vision. The working channel permits biopsy, fulguration, laser ablation, stone retrieval, or stent placement, and irrigation helps visualization.

Complications are uncommon but can include urinary tract infection, temporary urinary retention, urethral or bladder injury, bleeding, or perforation. Proper sterilization and, when appropriate, antibiotic prophylaxis reduce risk. Most cystoscopies are performed under local anesthesia with optional sedation or general anesthesia, depending on the setting and procedure.

Technological advances have moved from optical fibers to digital imaging and video systems, with high-definition displays and sometimes narrow-band imaging. Maintenance involves cleaning and high-level disinfection between patients, and some units use disposable sterile covers or entirely single-use scopes.