kyphoscoliotic

Kyphoscoliotic is an adjective used to describe a spinal deformity that combines kyphosis (an excessive forward rounding of the upper back) and scoliosis (a sideways curvature of the spine). It refers to the three-dimensional abnormal alignment of the spine in which both sagittal and coronal plane deformities are present.

Etiology and classification can be broad. Congenital kyphoscoliosis results from vertebral malformations at birth. Neuromuscular kyphoscoliosis occurs with conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spinal muscular atrophy. Syndromic forms appear in connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Degenerative kyphoscoliosis develops with aging and osteoporosis, and idiopathic kyphoscoliosis describes cases with no identifiable secondary cause, often presenting in adolescence and sometimes alongside scoliosis with increased kyphosis.

Clinical features include visible deformity with a rounded upper back and a sideward spinal curve, uneven shoulders or pelvis, and rib humps. In severe cases, back pain, reduced chest expansion, and shortness of breath or decreased exercise tolerance may occur due to restricted pulmonary function.

Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and imaging. Standing spinal radiographs are used to measure the Cobb angle for scoliosis and to assess kyphotic angulation; MRI or CT may be indicated to evaluate underlying vertebral anomalies or neural structures if symptoms suggest spinal cord involvement.

Treatment is individualized. Non-surgical management includes observation for mild curves, physical therapy, and bracing to slow progression in growing patients. Surgical options, typically posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation, are considered for severe or rapidly progressing deformities or when there is significant impairment of function or pulmonary capacity. Regular follow-up is essential to monitor progression and overall health.