kyphotic

Kyphotic is an adjective relating to kyphosis, the outward convex curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane. In humans, the thoracic region normally shows a kyphotic curvature, which is typically between about 20 and 45 degrees on radiographs. When the curvature exceeds the normal range, it is described as hyperkyphosis.

Kyphosis can be categorized as postural, which is often flexible and related to slouched posture, or structural, which involves fixed vertebral anomalies such as wedging of the bones. Common causes include poor posture, osteoporosis with vertebral compression fractures, Scheuermann's disease in adolescents, congenital vertebral anomalies, scoliosis, trauma, and certain inflammatory or infectious conditions.

Diagnosis is usually based on clinical examination and imaging. The Cobb angle on lateral spine radiographs is commonly used to quantify kyphosis. Additional imaging (MRI or CT) may be used to evaluate underlying vertebral pathology or neurological impact.

Clinical significance ranges from minor, asymptomatic curves to chronic back pain, reduced spinal and chest wall mobility, and in severe cases impaired lung function. Treatment depends on severity and cause. Mild or flexible kyphosis may be managed with physical therapy and postural exercises; bracing is used for growing children with progressive curves; underlying conditions are treated as appropriate. Severe or progressive kyphosis may require surgical correction, such as posterior spinal fusion or other osteotomies, to restore alignment and stabilize the spine.