kovácstechnológiákat

Kovácstechnológiák, in English forging technologies, refers to a group of metalworking processes that shape metal using localized compressive forces. These forces are typically applied through hammering or pressing. The primary goal of forging is to improve the mechanical properties of the metal, such as strength, ductility, and toughness, by refining its grain structure. This is achieved by aligning the metal's internal grain flow in a way that enhances its resistance to stress and fracture.

There are two main categories of forging: hot forging and cold forging. Hot forging is performed at temperatures above the metal's recrystallization point. This makes the metal more malleable, allowing for easier deformation and the creation of complex shapes with minimal force. However, hot forging can lead to surface oxidation and decarburization. Cold forging is carried out at or near room temperature. This process offers greater dimensional accuracy, improved surface finish, and increased strength due to work hardening. However, it requires significantly more force and is generally limited to simpler shapes and ductile materials.

Within these categories, various techniques exist. Open-die forging involves shaping the metal between dies that do not completely enclose the workpiece, allowing metal to flow outward. This is often used for large or custom parts. Closed-die forging, also known as impression-die forging, uses dies that enclose the workpiece, forcing the metal to fill a specific shape. This method is suitable for mass production of intricate parts. Other related technologies include upset forging, roll forging, and ring rolling, each employing specific mechanisms to achieve metal deformation. The choice of forging technology depends on factors such as the material, desired shape, required mechanical properties, and production volume.