kontusioner

Kontusioner, commonly known as bruises, are injuries to soft tissues caused by blunt trauma that ruptures small blood vessels beneath the skin without an open wound. The initial result is bleeding under the skin, producing discoloration, swelling, and tenderness near the injured area. Contusions can affect skin, muscle, or deeper structures and vary in depth from superficial to intramuscular.

Causes include falls, blows during sports, automobile accidents, or any impact that compresses tissue. They are frequently seen on the arms and legs but can occur anywhere. The severity depends on the force of impact and the tissue involved.

Pathophysiology involves disruption of microvessels with leakage of blood into surrounding tissues, forming a hematoma. The inflammatory response promotes swelling and pain. The bruise changes color over time as hemoglobin is broken down, usually progressing from red or purple to greenish-yellow before fading.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and examination. Imaging is not routinely required unless a fracture, dislocation, or another deeper injury is suspected, or if swelling is disproportionate or persistent.

Treatment focuses on first aid and symptom relief. The commonly recommended approach is rest, ice application (about 20 minutes every 1–2 hours) during the first 24–48 hours, compression with an elastic bandage, and elevation of the affected limb. Analgesics such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs may be used for pain, with caution regarding bleeding risk. After the first couple of days, gentle movement and a gradual return to activity as pain allows are encouraged. Large hematomas or signs of complications warrant medical assessment; seek care for severe pain, numbness, deformity, spreading redness, fever, or signs of infection.

Prognosis is generally favorable, with most contusions healing within days to a few weeks. Prevention includes protective gear, proper technique, conditioning, and adequate warm-up before activities.