komposiite

A komposiite, or composite material, is a material system composed of two or more distinct constituents with differing properties, combined to produce characteristics not attainable by the constituents alone. The constituents typically include a matrix and a reinforcement; the matrix binds the reinforcement and transfers loads, while the reinforcement provides strength and stiffness.

There are several classes: fiber-reinforced composites (FRPs) such as glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP); metal-matrix composites (MMCs); ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs); and particulate-reinforced composites. Natural composites include wood (cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix) and bone.

Properties: high strength-to-weight ratio, high stiffness, tailorable properties; anisotropic behavior depending on reinforcement orientation; processing challenges include achieving good bonding at the interface and avoiding defects. Common manufacturing methods include hand layup, filament winding, molding, resin transfer molding, and emerging additive manufacturing.

Applications: aerospace, automotive, wind turbines, sporting goods, construction and civil infrastructure. Durability depends on matrix and reinforcement; environmental sensitivity varies, with moisture and temperature affecting interfaces. Recycling and end-of-life disposal are active areas of research.