keramiekoven

A keramiekoven, or ceramic kiln, is a thermally insulated chamber used to fire ceramic objects by heating to high temperatures. The firing causes physical and chemical changes in clay and glaze, producing a hard, durable material.

Kilns vary by energy source: electric kilns use electric coils or elements; gas kilns burn fuel gas; wood-fired kilns rely on wood as fuel. Industrial settings may use continuous tunnel kilns or other automated systems.

Construction and configuration affect heat distribution. Common layouts include top-loading and front-loading electric kilns, as well as muffle, downdraft, or updraft designs. Temperature ranges vary by clay body: bisque firings occur around 900–1000 °C, glaze firings often reach 1200–1300 °C.

Firing is typically performed in stages, with a bisque firing to harden unfired ware, followed by glaze firing to mature glazes. Operators monitor heat with rheostats or digital controllers and, in many kilns, with pyrometric cones that indicate target temperatures.

Kiln construction uses refractory bricks and insulating materials to retain heat. Safety considerations include proper ventilation, heat-resistant furniture, regular maintenance, and the risk of burns or toxic fumes if misused.

Keramiekovens are essential in art pottery, studio ceramics, and industrial ceramic production. Their development spans ancient to modern times, from early clay firing in kilns to contemporary electric and automated systems.