keramia

Keramia is the term used in some languages for ceramics, the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials, typically by shaping clay and firing it at high temperatures. The root is Greek kerámeia or kerámikos from keramos meaning clay or pottery. In English, the standard term is ceramics, but keramia appears in regional usage to describe the same field, including pottery, tiles, sculpture, and advanced ceramic materials.

Scope: The field combines craft traditions with materials science. Traditionally, keramic practice involves forming (hand-building, wheel throwing, slip casting), drying, and firing in kilns (bisque and glaze firings). Finishing may include glazing, painting, and surface decoration.

Materials: The primary material is clay, formulated into different clay bodies—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Other ceramic processes use non-clay silicate powders that are fired to form hard, crystalline ceramics (advanced ceramics). Glazes provide glassy surfaces and can add color and texture.

Types and uses: Ceramics serve functional roles (tableware, tiles, sanitaryware), architectural applications (cladding, bricks, tiles), and decorative art (pottery, sculpture). In modern industry, ceramics are used in engineering and biomedicine (bioceramics, dental porcelains, zirconia components).

History and significance: Ceramics have ancient origins, with major developments in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and the Mediterranean. Archaeologists use ceramic typology to date sites and study cultures. Contemporary keramia blends traditional techniques with digital design, 3D printing, and advanced materials research.

See also: Ceramics.