javalis

Javalis are large, wild pigs native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, belonging to the genus *Sus*. They are the largest species of wild pig, with males (boars) typically weighing between 160 to 300 kilograms (350 to 660 pounds) and females (sows) slightly smaller. Javalis are known for their robust, muscular bodies, coarse bristly hair, and prominent tusks, which are elongated canine teeth that grow continuously throughout their lives. Their tusks can reach lengths of up to 50 centimeters (20 inches) in males and are used for defense, dominance displays, and digging.

These adaptable animals inhabit a variety of environments, including forests, grasslands, swamps, and even agricultural areas. Javalis are omnivorous, feeding on roots, fruits, insects, small vertebrates, and carrion. They are highly intelligent and exhibit complex social behaviors, often forming loose groups led by a dominant male. Females give birth to litters of 1 to 12 piglets after a gestation period of about four months. Javalis are known for their strong maternal instincts and protective nature toward their young.

Historically, javalis played a significant role in human culture, serving as a food source, hunting prey, and even as symbols in mythology and folklore. In some regions, they were domesticated to create modern breeds of pigs. However, javalis are also considered agricultural pests due to their tendency to root through crops, leading to crop damage and economic losses. As a result, they are often controlled through hunting, culling, or habitat management.

Conservation status varies by subspecies and region. While some populations remain stable or even thrive due to habitat expansion, others face threats from habitat loss, hunting, and human encroachment. Efforts to manage javali populations often focus on balancing ecological roles with human needs, as they play an important ecological role in seed dispersal and nutrient cycling.