itsetunto

Itsetunto is the Finnish term for self-esteem. It refers to a person’s overall sense of worth and value as a human being, including beliefs about one’s competence and right to be treated with respect. Itsetunto is generally considered distinct from itseluottamus, which refers to confidence in handling specific tasks or situations, and from self-efficacy, which is the belief in one’s ability to execute actions to achieve goals.

Development of itsetunto begins in childhood and is shaped by early relationships, feedback from caregivers, and experiences of success or failure. Social context, culture, and media also influence how people evaluate themselves. It can fluctuate across life stages and in response to major events, but stable patterns often persist.

Assessment typically relies on psychometric tools, such as Finnish versions of established self-esteem scales, alongside qualitative assessments. In research and practice, high itsetunto is associated with better mental health, better coping, and resilience, while low itsetunto correlates with depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, and risky behaviors. The relationship is complex and bidirectional: mental health can affect self-esteem as well as vice versa.

Strategies to improve itsetunto include therapeutic approaches that reduce harsh self-criticism and foster self-compassion, programs that emphasize personal strengths and realistic goals, and supportive social environments in family, school, and work settings. Encouraging autonomy, praise for genuine achievements, and opportunities for mastery can contribute to healthier self-worth.

Because itsetunto is culturally embedded, Finnish researchers emphasize the importance of valid and culturally appropriate assessment. Some critiques warn against overemphasizing self-esteem as the sole basis for well-being, noting that humility and social connectedness also matter in maintaining a balanced self-view.