intergroups

Intergroups refers to the study of relations and interactions between distinct social groups. It encompasses processes such as formation of group identities, intergroup attitudes, prejudice, discrimination, cooperation, competition, and conflict. In social psychology and sociology, intergroup research examines factors that promote positive intergroup contact or exacerbate tensions.

Theoretical foundations include social identity theory, which posits that people categorize themselves into in-groups and out-groups, with consequences for self-esteem and intergroup behavior. Realistic conflict theory argues that competition over scarce resources fuels hostility between groups. The contact hypothesis, proposed by Allport, suggests that under certain conditions—equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, and social and institutional support—intergroup contact can reduce prejudice. Extensions include imagined and indirect contact.

Key findings indicate that positive intergroup interactions can reduce bias, especially when structured to meet the conditions described by the contact hypothesis. Conversely, perceived threat, stereotypes, and status differences can sustain prejudice and discrimination. Field studies in schools, workplaces, and communities show both the potential and limits of interventions.

Interventions and policy applications include cooperative learning, facilitated dialogues, diversity training, and inclusive organizational practices aimed at improving intergroup relations. Peacebuilding and conflict resolution often leverage intergroup processes to build trust and collaboration.

Critiques note that the classic contact model may be ineffective in high-conflict settings or when systemic inequalities are ignored. Contemporary work emphasizes intersectionality, power dynamics, and longitudinal and multi-level approaches.