intergroup

Intergroup refers to the relations, interactions, and processes that occur between distinct social groups. In sociology and social psychology, it encompasses how groups defined by ethnicity, nationality, religion, ideology, or other social markers relate to one another, including cooperation, competition, communication, and conflict.

Key theories address why intergroup relations form and persist. Social identity theory posits that people derive self-esteem from group membership, leading to in-group favoritism and out-group bias. Intergroup contact theory argues that, under favorable conditions—equal status, shared goals, cooperative activities, and support from authorities—direct contact can reduce prejudice and improve attitudes. Intergroup threat theory emphasizes how perceived realistic or symbolic threats to resources, culture, or values can increase hostility toward other groups.

Intergroup dynamics influence a wide range of outcomes, including prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping, and intergroup violence, as well as cooperation, social cohesion, and reconciliation. Interventions to improve relations include structured and meaningful contact, intercultural education, diversity and inclusion programs, and truth and reconciliation efforts after conflict.

Contexts for intergroup processes are varied, spanning schools, workplaces, neighborhoods, and international relations. Researchers measure attitudes, behavioral intentions, and intergroup behaviors, such as willingness to help or cooperate. Critical perspectives highlight the role of power, cultural context, and structural factors, reminding that intergroup relations are shaped by broader social systems as well as individual attitudes.