individualismcollectivism
Individualismcollectivism is a theoretical dimension used in cross-cultural psychology to describe how societies balance personal autonomy with group belonging. Individualist cultures emphasize personal goals, independence, and self-reliance, while collectivist cultures prioritize group harmony, interdependence, and obligations to family and community.
The concept was popularized by Geert Hofstede and further developed by researchers such as Harry Triandis
In individualist contexts, people are encouraged to pursue personal achievement, autonomy, and direct argumentation; in collectivist
Cross-cultural variation is a spectrum rather than a dichotomy, and within-country differences—by region, class, age, and
Applications appear in psychology, management, marketing, and education, guiding expectations about communication, teamwork, and conflict resolution.