individualist

An individualist is a person who emphasizes the moral worth of the individual and the primacy of individual rights, autonomy, and self-reliance. In everyday usage, an individualist seeks to minimize coercive interference by others or by the state in personal choices and tends to value independence of thought and action. The term is often contrasted with collectivist orientations that prioritize group goals or duties over those of the individual.

Philosophically, individualism denotes positions that hold the individual as the primary unit of moral and political value. Ethical and political forms of individualism argue that individuals possess inherent rights and should be free to pursue their own projects, provided they respect others' rights. In liberal, classical liberal, and some libertarian traditions, this translates into limited government, the rule of law, and freedom of association and contract. Some strands, such as philosophical egoism or Objectivism, articulate rational self-interest as an ethical basis for action, while others emphasize universal rights and duties without endorsing selfishness.

In cultural and social psychology, individualism describes a tendency in some societies to value personal goals and autonomy over group obligations. Individualist cultures emphasize self-expression, personal achievement, and voluntary associations, whereas collectivist cultures emphasize interdependence and communal responsibilities. Such patterns influence family structure, education, and workplace norms.

Debates about individualism address its effects on social cohesion, responsibility, and inequality. Critics argue that excessive emphasis on autonomy can erode social safety nets and solidarity; proponents contend that freedom and creative expression arise from honoring individual rights and responsibilities.

See also: individual rights, liberalism, libertarianism, collectivism, cultural dimensions.