hüperprolaktineemia

Hyperprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain, primarily responsible for milk production in women after childbirth. However, it is also present in men and in non-pregnant, non-breastfeeding women, though at much lower levels.

Elevated prolactin levels can lead to a variety of symptoms. In women, these can include irregular or absent menstrual periods, milky nipple discharge (galactorrhea) when not pregnant or breastfeeding, infertility, and vaginal dryness. In men, symptoms may include decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, infertility, and, in some cases, breast enlargement (gynecomastia) and nipple discharge. Both men and women can experience headaches and vision problems if a pituitary tumor is the cause.

The most common cause of hyperprolactinemia is a prolactinoma, a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that secretes excess prolactin. Other causes can include certain medications (such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, and some blood pressure drugs), hypothyroidism, kidney disease, liver disease, and stress. Lifestyle factors like intense exercise and nipple stimulation can also temporarily increase prolactin levels.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure prolactin levels, along with tests to rule out other underlying conditions. Imaging studies, such as an MRI of the brain, may be performed to detect pituitary tumors. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. For prolactinomas, medications like dopamine agonists are often effective in shrinking the tumor and lowering prolactin levels. If medications are ineffective or the tumor is very large, surgery or radiation therapy may be considered. For other causes, treating the underlying condition, such as hypothyroidism or adjusting medications, is usually sufficient.