højskoler

Højskoler, or folkehøjskoler, are Danish-inspired non-formal, residential schools for adults focused on personal development, culture and civic engagement rather than formal qualifications. Courses are typically long enough to allow in-depth exploration of topics such as literature, philosophy, history, arts, languages, music and social issues. There are no exams or degrees, and the emphasis is on dialogue, reflection and participation. Tuition generally covers meals and lodging in addition to the course fees.

The movement originated in the mid-19th century, influenced by N. F. S. Grundtvig and his ideas about education as a means to empower citizens and strengthen democracy. Grundtvig advocated lifelong learning, open dialogue and the cultivation of sense of community. The concept spread across the Nordic countries and has become a distinctive form of adult education characterized by open access, democratic participation and a focus on culture and citizenship rather than vocational training.

Pedagogy at højskoler is typically dialogic and student-centered. The usual format centers on study circles and seminars, with teachers acting as facilitators rather than authorities. Residential life is part of the experience, encouraging social learning and intercultural exchange. Programs may cover national culture, international themes, language courses, and study trips.

Financing and access: In Denmark, højskoler are nonprofit and rely on government subsidies, student fees, and private donations. They are open to all adults, with no formal prerequisite beyond age (commonly around 18), and no requirement for prior education. The model has influenced similar institutions in other countries, although the Danish form remains the best known.