hyperlipidemi

Hyperlipidemi, also called hyperlipidemia, is a medical condition characterized by abnormally elevated levels of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides. Most people do not have symptoms, but sustained elevations contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Lipid levels are typically assessed with a fasting lipid panel and interpreted in the context of overall cardiovascular risk.

Hyperlipidemia is categorized as primary (genetic) or secondary (acquired). Primary forms include familial hypercholesterolemia and other genetic disorders affecting lipoprotein metabolism. Secondary causes include an unhealthy diet, obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, kidney or liver disease, excessive alcohol use, and certain medications. Some individuals have mixed elevations, with both high LDL-C and high triglycerides, which can compound risk.

Diagnosis involves measuring lipid levels and evaluating risk factors. LDL-C is usually the primary target for therapy, with risk-based thresholds guiding treatment intensity. Clinicians may assess cardiovascular risk using standardized scores and may investigate secondary causes when lipid abnormalities are unusual or resistant to management.

Management emphasizes lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy. Lifestyle measures include a heart-healthy diet, regular physical activity, weight management, smoking cessation, and limiting alcohol. Pharmacotherapy is used when lifestyle changes are insufficient or risk is high. Statins are the first-line therapy for lowering LDL-C. Alternatives and adjuncts include ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid, fibrates for severe hypertriglyceridemia, and bile acid sequestrants. In familial forms, specialized therapies may be considered. Regular follow-up and lipid monitoring are essential to adjust treatment.

Prognosis depends on lipid levels and overall risk; effective management reduces the risk of cardiovascular events and improves long-term outcomes.