hyperadrenalism

Hyperadrenalism, also known as Cushing's syndrome, is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This excess cortisol can stem from various sources, including the body producing too much cortisol on its own (endogenous hyperadrenalism) or taking too much corticosteroid medication (exogenous hyperadrenalism).

Endogenous hyperadrenalism can be caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland, which produces too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), stimulating the adrenal glands to produce excess cortisol. This is known as Cushing's disease, the most common cause of endogenous hyperadrenalism. Less commonly, the adrenal glands themselves can develop a tumor that secretes cortisol independently of ACTH. Ectopic ACTH syndrome, where a non-pituitary tumor (often in the lungs) produces ACTH, is another potential cause.

Symptoms of hyperadrenalism are diverse and can include weight gain, particularly in the torso and face (moon face), a fatty hump between the shoulders (buffalo hump), thinning skin, easy bruising, purple stretch marks, muscle weakness, fatigue, and high blood pressure. Women may experience irregular or absent menstrual periods, increased facial hair, and acne. Men may have decreased libido and fertility issues. Diagnosing hyperadrenalism typically involves blood and urine tests to measure cortisol levels, followed by imaging studies to locate the source of excess cortisol production. Treatment strategies vary depending on the cause but may involve medication, surgery to remove tumors, or radiation therapy.