hornets

Hornets are large, social wasps in the subfamily Vespinae, within the family Vespidae. The common name refers to several species in the genus Vespa and related taxa that share a similar lifestyle. The European hornet, Vespa crabro, is the most familiar species in many regions. Other well-known hornets include Vespa mandarinia, the Asian giant hornet, and Vespa velutina, the Asian predatory hornet.

Hornets are larger than many other wasps, with robust bodies and distinctive markings that vary by species. They build circular, paper-like nests from chewed wood fibers and saliva. Nests are usually located in trees, abandoned structures, or wall cavities and can house dozens to thousands of individuals at peak.

Colonies are annual. A queen establishes a nest in spring, and workers expand it through the season. In late summer, males and new queens are produced; after mating, fertilized queens disperse to overwinter, while the colony typically dies with the onset of cold weather.

Diet consists of nectar and ripe fruit for adults, while larvae receive protein-rich prey captured by workers. Hornets are effective predators of caterpillars and other insects, contributing to pest control but can also threaten honeybee colonies.

Hornet stings are painful and can cause severe reactions in some people. Hornets are generally defensive and will attack if their nest is disturbed. Prompt professional removal is advised for large nests, especially near inhabited areas.