hijra

Hijra is a term used in South Asia to describe a traditional third gender category. It refers to a diverse group that may include transgender women, intersex people, and eunuchs. The identity and social roles of hijras have varied across time and place, and the term’s acceptance ranges from cultural designation to stigmatization depending on context. The word has roots in Persian and Urdu language traditions.

Historically, hijra communities have lived with some internal structure, often organized around a guru who leads a lineage of disciples. They have appeared in various historical settings, including royal courts in certain periods, and remain associated with rites of passage such as births and weddings, where they may perform music and dance and are sometimes believed to confer blessings or curses.

In modern South Asia, hijras face significant social and economic challenges, including discrimination and limited access to healthcare, education, and legal protections in many areas. Many pursue livelihoods through performances at weddings and public events, while others rely on informal work or state welfare programs. Some countries in the region have taken steps toward recognizing hijras as a distinct gender and providing rights and protections, but implementation and acceptance continue to vary widely. In India, for example, the judiciary has recognized transgender people as a third gender and directed measures to protect their rights, with further laws aimed at safeguarding dignity and equality. Social attitudes toward hijras remain diverse and regionally specific, ranging from marginalization to increasing visibility and advocacy.