heatillness

Heat illness refers to a range of conditions caused by exposure to high environmental temperatures, often combined with exertion and humidity. It includes heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and other heat-related problems such as heat rash, heat syncope, and heat edema. These conditions arise when the body's cooling mechanisms are overwhelmed or electrolyte balance is disrupted, leading to impaired thermoregulation.

Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions that typically occur during or after heavy sweating. They are treated with rest, hydration, and electrolyte-containing drinks, along with gentle stretching of affected muscles. Heat exhaustion is a milder form of heat illness characterized by heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, pale skin, and a fast or weak pulse. Management focuses on moving the person to a cooler place, loosening clothing, cooling with cool, damp cloths or a cool shower, and replacing fluids and electrolytes.

Heat stroke is the most severe and life-threatening form. It presents with a body temperature above about 40°C (104°F), altered mental status such as confusion or agitation, hot or dry skin, rapid breathing, and possible seizures. Heat stroke requires immediate emergency treatment and rapid cooling, such as immersion in cool water or application of ice packs, while monitoring and supporting vital functions.

Other heat-related conditions include heat rash (prickly sensation and red clusters of small blisters), heat syncope (fainting due to temporary loss of blood pressure after standing or exertion), and heat edema (swelling of feet and ankles from fluid retention). Prevention focuses on acclimatization, hydration, sun protection, appropriate clothing, and avoiding excessive exertion during peak heat; certain medications can raise risk.

Individuals at higher risk include children, elderly people, outdoor workers, and athletes. Seek urgent care for suspected heat stroke or if symptoms worsen despite initial cooling.