hazardanalyses

Hazard analyses are systematic processes used to identify potential hazards, assess associated risks, and determine measures to eliminate or reduce risk in a system, operation, or activity. They are used across industries such as chemical processing, manufacturing, healthcare, aviation, and software to support safety, reliability, and regulatory compliance.

A hazard analysis typically distinguishes hazards (sources of potential harm) from risk (likelihood and consequence). It informs decision making by prioritizing risks and validating control measures.

Common approaches include qualitative methods like What-If, checklists, and HAZOP; semi-quantitative analyses such as FMEA and FMECA; and quantitative techniques like fault tree analysis and event tree analysis. Bow-tie analysis, hazard identification (HAZID), and safety integrity level studies may be used. Many analyses are conducted using a combination of methods and tailored to the domain.

Typical steps: define scope and boundaries; identify hazards; assess risk by evaluating likelihood and impact; identify existing controls and residual risk; propose additional mitigations; document results in a hazard register and risk record; implement controls and monitor effectiveness; review and update as the design evolves or new information becomes available.

Outcomes include a hazard register, risk ranking, recommended mitigations, and acceptance criteria. Limitations include dependence on available information, subjective judgments in qualitative assessments, and the need for ongoing updates as systems change or operating conditions vary. Organizations align with risk management standards such as ISO 31000 and sector-specific requirements.