hapnikuvaeses

Hapnikuvaeses, known in English as hypoxia, is a condition in which body tissues do not receive adequate oxygen. It can result from problems with the amount of oxygen entering the lungs, the lungs’ ability to transfer oxygen to the blood, the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen, circulation, or the cells’ ability to use oxygen. Hypoxia and hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) are related but describe different aspects of the same problem.

There are several forms of hapnikuvaeses. Hypoxic (hypoxemic) hypoxia occurs when arterial oxygen is low, such as at high altitude or from lung disease. Anemic hypoxia happens when there is insufficient hemoglobin or red blood cells to carry oxygen. Stagnant (circulatory) hypoxia results from poor blood flow, while histotoxic hypoxia occurs when cells cannot use oxygen properly, as in certain toxins.

Common causes include high-altitude exposure, chronic or acute lung diseases (for example COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary edema), airway obstruction, or impaired ventilation. Other causes are anemia, heart failure, shock, carbon monoxide or methemoglobinemia, and certain toxins that disrupt cellular respiration.

Symptoms vary with severity but often include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, confusion, dizziness, and fatigue. In severe cases, cyanosis, loss of coordination, or loss of consciousness can occur. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment together with measurements such as pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial blood gas (PaO2), along with imaging and laboratory tests as needed.

Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying cause and restoring oxygen delivery. This can involve supplemental oxygen, ventilatory support, treatment of anemia or heart/shock conditions, and, in cases like carbon monoxide poisoning, specific antidotes or hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Prevention includes managing chronic lung diseases, avoiding high-risk exposures, and proper acclimatization at altitude.